At first, I only want to transmit individual text messages in one direction. In a next step this can then be extended to transmit whole files bidirectionally. To receive the messages, I chose an Ardunio, because unlike the Raspberry Pi, it has analog inputs and can thus be easily connected to analog sensors. For sending, a Raspberry Pi is suitable, since only digital pins are needed here and a Pi can generally transmit data more efficiently and faster. This has already been tested in the previous posts about defining a clock frequency for the Arduino and the Raspberry Pi. All scripts to run the VLC communication can be downloaded at the end of the article. The following three blogposts are directly related to this project:

===> UPGRADE: SENDING ALL KINDS OF DATA WITH VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATION

How to program the clock frequency of the Arduino: Use timer interrupts as clock frequency.

How to program the clock frequency of the Pi: Precise timer function in C for the Pi.

How to prevent errors in data transmission: Using CRC to detect corrupted packets.

List of components

• Arduino Uno
• Raspberry Pi
• 5V Solarcell
• 5V Laserdiode
• Jumper cables

Wiring for the visible light communication

The wiring is rather simple. The 5V solar cell is very well suited to detect light signals. Therefore the solar cell is connected to the receiver, which is the Arduino. The ground of the solar cell is connected to a ground of the Arduino. The positive line of the solar cell is connected to an analog pin of the Arduino. Here, for example, A0 is suitable.

From the Raspberry Pi the messages are transmitted to the Arduino via light signals of the laser. For this, the ground of a 5V laser diode is connected to a ground pin of the Pi (see graphic). Then the positive line of the laser diode is connected to one of the digital pins of the Raspberry Pi. Here I chose the GPIO17 pin, which corresponds to pin 0 in the “wiringPi” library (see graphic).

As an alternative to the laser and the solar cell combination, an LED and a photoresistor can also be used. However, a laser is better suited for faster and more precise data transmission. In addition, a solar cell offers a large area to detect the laser beams.

Modulationtechnique On-Off-Keying

The text messages are transmitted in binary code as “1” or “0”. There are different ways to modulate this data. One of the simplest possibilities is to set an identical clock frequency for the transmitter and receiver. Then either a “1” or a “0” is transmitted in each clock pulse.

The procedure is called aplitude shift keying. If the laser diode illuminates the solar plate particularly strongly, this is detected by the receiver as a binary “1”. If the laser diode shines only weakly, it will be detected as binary “0”.

In fact it makes sense not to let the laser diode shine at all for a binary “0”. This is called On-Off keying. This is a simplification of amplitude shift keying. The following graphic illustrates the difference between amplitude shift keying and on-off keying.

That means, whenever the solar cell detects light, a corresponding voltage value is passed to the analog pin of the Arduino. If this voltage value exceeds a predefined value, the Arduino registers it as a binary “1”, otherwise as a binary “0”. It makes sense to adjust the predefined value to the daylight. Possibly with the help of an additional light sensor.

Arduino code to receive messages

//This is the "real" loop function
  switch (state)
  {
    case 0:
      //looking for synchronization sequence
      synchro_Done=false;
      lookForSynchro(data);

      if (synchro_Done== true)
      {
        state=1;
      }
      break;
    case 1:
      //receive Data
      receiveData_Done =false;
      receiveData(data);

      if (receiveData_Done==true)
      {
        state=0; 
      }
      break;
  }

The software of the Arduino is basically built as a state machine. There are two states. One state for synchronization and one for reading the text message. In the state synchronization the receiver waits for a fixed bit sequence (preamble) for example “101010101111111111”. This sequence means that the receiver must listen now because a text message follows. The complete Arduino code can be downloaded at the end of the article. The following graphic shows the exact structure of the data packets.

As soon as the preamble is recognized, the receiver automatically switches to the second state and receives the actual message. However, the first 16 bits of the text message correspond to a decimal number, which tells the receiver how many characters the incoming text message contains. When this number is reached, the text is printed in the Serial Monitor of the Arduino and the state changes back again. Now the synchronization sequence is awaited again. The complete software code can be downloaded at the end of the blog article. To improve the transmission quality, a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) can be performed as shown in the following graphic.

Raspberry Pi code to send messages

//Read message
        char msg[3000]; 
        int len, k, length;
       
        printf("n Enter the Message: ");
        scanf("%[^'n']",msg);
        
        len=strlen(msg);
        
        
        int2bin(len*8, 16); //len*8, because 8 bits are one byte
        
        for(k=0;k<len;k++)
        {
                chartobin(msg[k]);            
        }

The program code of the Raspberry Pi must be written in C. Python would be too slow and would not achieve a stable clock frequency for sending the data. The complete program code can be downloaded at the end of the article. In order for the Pi to control the laser diode the “wiringPi.h” library is needed. With “digitalWrite(0, HIGH)” the diode can be switched on and with “digitalWrite(0, LOW)” it can be switched off. Important: Please don’t forget the “wiringPi” library when compiling! The command is: “gcc -o simpleLaser simpleLaser.c -lwiringPi”.

At the beginning the program asks for a text message using the printf function. This is read in and stored by a scanf function. Then each letter is converted to binary code and stored in an array. The conversion is shown in the following graphic. At the end, the binary code is transmitted from the array in a fixed clock pulse. The laser diode is switched on for a binary “1” and off again for a binary “0”.

Conclusion on the Visible Light Communication for Arduino

The transmission of text messages by means of visual light communication works excellently. Thanks to the cyclic redundancy check, it is also absolutely error-free. However, the benefit of one-dimensional message communication is rather low. It would be better if any kind of files could be transmitted and that in both directions. An update will probably follow soon.

Download files

• Arduino Code VLC to receive text messages
• Raspberry Pi code to send text messages with VLC

The post Sending text messages with visible light communication or LiFi – Pi to Arduino appeared first on Nerd Corner.

A cyclic redundancy check is a simple and elegant way to verify that the data arriving at a receiving station is correct. For example, if bits have been swapped in a received data packet or a 1 has been received instead of a 0, this can be detected by the cyclic redundancy check (CRC for short). The CRC identifies that a data packet has an error and the receiving station will drop the packet.

This might also be interesting for you: Setting a precise clock frequency for an Arduino

Also closely related to this article: Setting a precise clock frequency for the Raspberry Pi

Cyclic redundancy check – How it works:

The CRC is a mathematical trick. In principle, the calculation is a polynomial division. For example, the data packet 10010101 corresponds to the following polynomial:

A so-called generator polynomial is required for the calculation of the CRC. The generator polynomial can be chosen freely, but some polynomials have proven to be particularly suitable. It is important that the generator polynomial for sending the data and for receiving the data is identical. I have chosen the polynomial 1011 for the sake of simplicity:

The procedure is the same for each data packet. An additional CRC value is appended to each data packet that is to be sent. This CRC value is one digit smaller than the generator polynomial. In the current case, the generator polynomial 1011 has a total of 4 digits, which means that the CRC value has 3 digits.  At the beginning of the calculation the CRC value is still unknown, therefore simply 3 times (since the CRC value has here 3 digits) the 0 is appended to the data package. Thus the data packet 10010101 now becomes 10010101000.

Then the polynomial division starts. 10010101000 is divided by 1011. I have summarized the step-by-step process of the division in a graphic. At the end of the polynomial division the remainder 110 remains on the transmitter. This remainder is the desired CRC value. The CRC value is appended to the actual data packet 10010101 and transmitted to the receiver. If the data transmission is correct, the receiver receives the packet 10010101110.

At this point the mathematical trick happens. The calculated CRC was appended to the data packet and transmitted to the receiver. The receiver can now also perform a polynomial division with the generator polynomial 1011, but since this time the CRC value 110 was appended to the data packet 10010101 instead of 3 times 0, no remainder is left when the polynomial division is repeated.

No remainder on the receiver side means that the data packet was transmitted correctly. However, if a remainder is left, then an error has crept in during the transmission. The faulty data packet can be discarded and the receiver can ask for a retransmission of the data packet.

Download files:

• Cyclic Redundancy Check in C

The post Cyclic Redundancy Check in C code appeared first on Nerd Corner.